Many U.S. states and local governments classify e-bikes into three categories, a framework originally proposed by PeopleForBikes and now widely adopted into law. The class affects your top speed, whether you can use a throttle, and — critically — where you can legally ride. Getting it wrong can mean a ticket or a bike you can't use where you planned.
Class 1: pedal-assist only, 20 mph
Class 1 e-bikes provide electric assistance only while you're pedaling and cut off at 20 mph. There's no throttle. Because they behave most like a conventional bicycle, Class 1 bikes are legal in the broadest range of places — most bike lanes, paths, and roads where a normal bike is allowed.
Class 2: throttle assist, 20 mph
Class 2 e-bikes can be powered by a throttle without pedaling, with the same 20 mph cap. The throttle is handy for starting from a stop or when you're tired, but some jurisdictions restrict Class 2 bikes on certain trails or paths where throttle operation is seen as motorized use.
Class 3: pedal-assist, 28 mph
Class 3 e-bikes assist up to 28 mph while pedaling, and may or may not include a throttle (often limited to 20 mph where allowed). They're treated more like motor vehicles in many places: helmet requirements are common, and Class 3 bikes are frequently barred from bike paths and multi-use trails, restricted to roads and bike lanes instead.
At a glance
| Class | Assist type | Top assisted speed | Typical restrictions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | Pedal-assist only | 20 mph | Fewest — legal most places bikes are |
| Class 2 | Throttle + pedal-assist | 20 mph | Some trails/paths restrict throttle |
| Class 3 | Pedal-assist (throttle capped) | 28 mph | Helmet often required; banned from many paths |
Which class should you choose?
For most commuters, Class 1 or Class 3 makes sense — the decision is really about speed versus access. If you want to use multi-use paths and face fewer restrictions, Class 1 is the safer bet. If your commute is on roads and bike lanes and you want the extra speed, Class 3 works, provided your local law allows it. Class 2's throttle is a bonus for riders who want to ease off pedaling occasionally. For model recommendations, see our commuter e-bike guide.